Differential blood counting in fish as a non-destructive biomarker of water contamination exposure

Differential white blood cell counting was performed on blood from the fish species Oreochromis niloticus and was used as an in situ indicator of the species’ exposure to contamination. Ten young fish were collected in an area influenced by the discharge of effluents and from a fish farm (control group). The fish were anesthetized and caudal puncture was used to collect the blood. Differential white blood cell counting was performed, as well as the counting of total leukocytes and thrombocytes (in 2000 cells). Physicochemical parameters of the water from both sites were analyzed. The water from the polluted area was found to have high conductivity and low levels of dissolved oxygen, factors that indicate poor environmental quality. Fish collected from the polluted site presented higher percentages of eosinophils and monocytes and fewer thrombocytes because of exposure to pollution and hypoxic conditions. The differential white blood cell count represents a suitable biomarker of environmental health and provides a tool for biomonitoring water quality.     

三丁基锡(TBT)对罗非鱼两组织SOD和GSH的影响

以雄性奥利亚罗非鱼(Oreochromis aureus)为试验材料,研究腹腔注射染毒三丁基锡(TBT)后鱼类肝脏和精巢超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)的变化(剂量分别为0、1 μg/kg、3 μg/kg、5 μg/kg、10 μg/kg).结果表明,雄性奥利亚罗非鱼肝脏和精巢中的SOD正常值分别为(42.04±2.55) U/mg prot和(27.70±2.34) U/mg prot,GSH的正常值分别为(243.87±5.63) mg/g prot和(154.84±4.66) mg/g prot,精巢组织低于肝脏组织;染毒后各处理组肝脏与精巢均高于对照组且差异极显著;随着注射剂量的增高,不同处理时间内两组织SOD活性和GSH的含量均先升高后降低,在3 μg/kg体重时都达到最高值,表明TBT对肝脏和精巢中SOD活性和GSH含量均具有一定的诱导激活作用.研究表明,TBT可以通过影响精巢中抗氧化防御系统对雄性生殖细胞造成伤害,并因此增加了破坏鱼类资源的风险.     

Biochemical biomarkers in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) after short-term exposure to diesel oil, pure biodiesel and biodiesel blends

Fossil fuels such as diesel are being gradually replaced by biodiesel, a renewable energy source, cheaper and less polluting. However, little is known about the toxic effects of this new energy source on aquatic organisms. Thus, we evaluated biochemical biomarkers related to oxidative stress in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) after two and seven exposure days to diesel and pure biodiesel (B100) and blends B5 and B20 at concentrations of 0.01 and 0.1 mL L⁻¹. The hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity was highly induced in all groups, except for those animals exposed to B100. There was an increase in lipid peroxidation in liver and gills in the group exposed to the higher concentration of B5. All treatments caused a significant increase in the levels of 1-hydroxypyrene excreted in the bile after 2 and 7 d, except for those fish exposed to B100. The hepatic glutathione-S-transferase increased after 7 d in animals exposed to the higher concentration of diesel and in the gill of fish exposed to the higher concentration of pure diesel and B5, but decreased for the two tested concentrations of B100. Superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase also presented significant changes according to the treatments for all groups, including B100. Biodiesel B20 in the conditions tested had fewer adverse effects than diesel and B5 for the Nile tilapia, and can be suggested as a less harmful fuel in substitution to diesel. However, even B100 could activate biochemical responses in fish, at the experimental conditions tested, indicating that this fuel can also represent a risk to the aquatic biota.     

五氯酚对鱼鳃丝组织结构及电解质元素的影响

利用场发射扫描电镜观察了罗非鱼在0．05mg L^-1和0．10mg L^-1五氯酚(PCP)中暴露3d，7d和10d后鳃丝上皮组织结构的变化，以及扫描电镜／X-射线能谱联用仪定量分析鳃丝中主要电解质元素Na，Ca和Cl的变化．与CK比较，随着暴露时问的延长和暴露浓度的增加，泌氯细胞出现的密度增加，部分泌氯细胞个体的面积也增大，扁平上皮细胞的微脊碎片数量增加，排列散乱，细胞受损现象明显；鳃丝中Na，Ca和Cl元素的含量总体上呈下降的趋势，在一定程度上说明与Ca^2 、Na^ 和Cl^-运转有关的酶的活性受到抑制．图2参14     

亚硝酸盐氮胁迫对罗非鱼（GIFTOreoohromisniloticus）血清非特异性免疫酶活性的影响

试验设置了不同浓度亚硝酸盐氮（空白对照、0．75mg·L-1、1．50mg-L-1、3．00mg·L-1和5．00mg·L-1）,研究了亚硝酸盐氮胁迫对罗非鱼（GIFTOreochromisniloticus）血清非特异性免疫酶（溶菌酶、碱性磷酸酶、补体c3）活性的影响。结果表明：罗非鱼血清碱性磷酸酶、溶菌酶、补体C3活性均呈现出随亚硝酸盐氮浓度升高而降低的趋势,且当亚硝酸盐氮浓度小于1．50mg·L-1时,罗非鱼血清碱性磷酸酶、溶菌酶、补体C3活性与对照组相比差异不显著（P〉0．05）,说明低于1．50mg·L-1的亚硝酸盐氮不会对罗非鱼机体免疫力产生显著影响;而高于3．00mg·L-1的亚硝酸盐氮胁迫能够显著（P〈O．05）降低罗非鱼血清碱性磷酸酶、溶菌酶、补体C3活性,最大下降率分别达到31．75％、27．40％、14．43％,从而显示出高浓度亚硝酸盐氮（〉3．00mg·L-1）能够对罗非鱼机体产生强烈的氧化胁迫和免疫损伤,导致机体免疫力下降,增加罗非鱼对致病菌的易感性。本研究认为,3．00mg·L-1可能是亚硝酸盐氮胁迫引起罗非鱼机体免疫力显著降低的阈值。     

三种磺胺类药物对罗非鱼肝脏组织中谷胱甘肽转移酶（GST）和丙二醛（MDA）的影响

研究磺胺嘧啶（sulfadianzine,SDZ）、磺胺二甲基嘧啶（sulfadimidine,SM2）和磺胺甲基异恶唑（sulfamethoxazole,SMZ）三种典型磺胺类抗生素对罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus）肝脏谷胱甘肽转移酶（GST）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量的响应。采用饲料暴露的给药方式,用磺胺药物浓度为4和40g·kg-1的人工配合饲料喂养试验罗非鱼,对照组投喂不含磺胺药物的空白饲料。暴露时间为7d,每天2次投喂饲料,饲料的日投喂量按鱼体重的3%计,分别在24、72和168h采集肝脏样品待测。结果表明各浓度组GST和MDA分别在暴露后72和24h受到最大程度的诱导,其中GST活性比空白组提高了6.72倍,MDA含量比空白组提高了24.75倍。在4g·kg-1的药物浓度下SM2对GST和MDA有最强诱导,在40g·kg-1的药物浓度下三种药物对罗非鱼GST和MDA诱导效应大小顺序为SDZ〉SMZ〉SM2。GST和MDA在磺胺药物诱导下的响应敏感,适合作为磺胺类药物暴露的生物标记物。     

Population dynamics of Piscicola geometra (Hirudinea: Rhynchobdellida) on Oreochromis niloticus (Cichlidae) cultured in a rainforest fish pond,south eastern Nigeria

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅａｎｎｅｌｉｄＰｉｓｃｉｃｏｌａｇｅｏｍｅｔｒａ(Ｌ)ｏｔｈｅｒｗｉｓｅｋｎｏｗｎａｓｆｉｓｈｌｅｅｃｈｉｓａｃｏｍｍｏｎｐａｒａｓｉｔｅｏｆｆｒｅｓｈｗａｔｅｒｆｉｓｈｅｓ.Ｓｏｍｅａｒｅｅｃｔｏｐａｒａｓｉｔｉｃｏｎｐｏｉｋｉｌｏｔｈｅｒｍｉｃａｎｄｈｏｍｏｅｏｔｈｅｒｍｉｃｖｅｒｔｅｂｒａｔｅｓｓｕｃｈａｓａｍｐｈｉｂｉａｎｓ ,ｍｏｌｌｕｓｃｓ,ａｎｄｗｏｒｍｓ ,ｆｅｅｄｉｎｇｏｎｔｈｅｉｒｂｌｏｏｄ(Ｃｈｅｎｇ ,1973;Ｄｕｉｊｎ ,1973)ｃａｕｓｉｎｇｃｏｎｓｉｄｅ…     

Effects of phenanthrene on hepatic enzymatic activities in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus♂×O. aureus♀)

The effects of phenanthrene (Phe) on hepatosomatic index (HSI) and hepatic enzymatic activities in hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus O. aureus ) were investigated via the static freshwater exposure at dosage of 50, 100, and 400 g/L for 4–14 d. Compared with the control group, HSI was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) at 400 g/L at day 14. Increased enzymatic activities (P < 0.05) were observed for catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) at either 100 or 400 g/L at day 8 and 14, as well as for CAT at 50 g/L at day 14, except for GPx at 400 g/L at day 8. Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity was significantly increased (P < 0.05) at all dosage at day 4 as well as at 50 g/L at day 8, but significantly decreased at either 100 or 400 g/L at day 14 (P < 0.05). Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity was not a ected. The results suggest that CAT, GPx, SOD and EROD, as well as HSI in tilapia may be used as the biomarkers or indexes for evaluating or monitoring the pollution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as Phe.     

镉对罗非鱼鳃线粒体结构和能量代谢的影响

为探明水环境镉对罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)鳃线粒体结构和能量代谢的影响及其作用机理,本研究采用室内模拟方法,将罗非鱼在Cd²⁺浓度为0　μg/L、50　μg/L和500　μg/L的水中暴露7　d后,观察鳃线粒体超微结构并测定线粒体超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和鳃组织中磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)、ATP酶(ATPase)活性、乳酸(LD)、ATP、ADP、AMP含量及血浆中Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺浓度和渗透压,并计算能荷值(EC).结果表明,50　μg/L组鱼鳃线粒体结构未受损, 除SOD酶活性被显著诱导外,其余测定指标与对照组相比无显著差异(p>0.05); 而500　μg/L组鱼鳃线粒体严重受损, LD、MDA、ADP、AMP和血浆K⁺含量显著高于对照组, SOD和ATPase活性显著低于对照组(p<0.05), PFK和渗透压无显著变化(p>0.05),但有降低趋势.结果表明,高浓度镉短期暴露将降低鱼鳃线粒体SOD活性而导致线粒体氧化损伤,同时抑制ATPase和PFK活性,影响鳃的能量供应和利用,最终降低鳃血浆渗透压和离子浓度调节能力可能是其毒性机理之一.     

Biomarkers of oxidative stress as indicators of water pollution in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from a water reservoir in Riyadh,Saudi Arabia

Antioxidant enzyme activities of fish (Oreochromis niloticus) were determined in order to assess the status of pollution in the Wadi Namar (WN), near Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Activities of four antioxidant enzymes as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and concentrations of glutathione (GSH) and oxidant malondialdehyde (MDA) were selected as bioindicators. Fish (n = 14) were sampled in the month of April 2013 from WN and a control site (CS). SOD activity was increased by 37.9%, 47%, and 29% in kidney, liver, and heart, respectively, while a significant decrease (36.4%) was observed in gills of O. niloticus from WN as compared to fish from CS. CAT activity was reduced by 51%, 55%, 47%, and 35% in kidney, liver, heart, and gills of O. niloticus from WN. The GST activities in kidney, liver, and heart of O. niloticus from WN were elevated by 34%, 48%, and 32%, respectively. However, significant fall (49%) in gills of fish was noted from WN compared to fish from CS. GSH levels were increased by 44%, 36%, and 38% in kidney, liver, and heart, respectively, but decreased by 30% in gills. MDA levels of O. niloticus were significantly increased in kidney, liver, and heart in fish from WN. Data indicated that WN is polluted mainly by industrial and urban discharge of liquid waste products.